Postpartum bleeding is the world’s leading cause of death for women during and after childbirth, and the third-leading cause in the United States alone. Many doctors in developing countries have turned to the drug misoprostol to save more women from deadly hemorrhaging.
Misoprostol, although affordable, has dangerous side effects, including uterine cramping, heart attack, toxicity in the brain and spinal cord, fetal death and fetal heart abnormalities.
Development of a safer drug to counter postpartum bleeding may be on the horizon, based on new research by the Bridge Institute at the USC Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience and the U.S. Department of Energy’s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory based at Stanford University. The work appears in the journal Nature Chemical Biology.
With the laboratory’s powerful X-ray laser, the scientists created a 3-D map of the structure of a cell receptor as it binds to misoprostol. This is a key step for identifying the best potential molecules for drug development.
“Misoprostol is a key drug for women’s health, especially in countries that lack access to medical resources, where it saves many mothers’ lives at childbirth,” said corresponding author Raymond Stevens, director of the Bridge Institute and Provost Professor of Biological Sciences and Chemistry at the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences.
“The development of newer therapeutics that are more selective with the tissues they target would be an impactful advancement in women’s health,” he said. “This research improves our understanding of how the drug works and provides a starting point for new drug discoveries.”
Stevens is among the scientists and engineers at the USC Michelson Center who have come together from USC Dornsife, the USC Viterbi School of Engineering and the Keck School of Medicine of USC to research and develop new drug therapies, tests and devices to solve significant health issues.
Pregnancy and the global mortality rate
The global maternal mortality rate has declined in recent years to an average of 216 deaths per 100,000 live births, according to UNICEF. Rates are improving with awareness, better medical response and increased access to therapies, including misoprostol.
By comparison, the rate in the U.S. is 18 per 100,000 live births, according to the most recent report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Several news outlets in recent months have noted that is a high rate among developed nations.
Not just for postpartum bleeding
Misoprostol, also used to control stomach ulcers or to induce labor, belongs to prostaglandin analogues, a class of drugs so named because they mimic the healing prostaglandin hormones. Prostaglandins are usually triggered into action by illness or injury. Misoprostol specifically targets the prostaglandin receptor EP3, which controls labor induction.
“The human body is built of a few trillions of cells, and these cells have to talk to each other,” said co-author Alex Batyuk, a scientist at SLAC’s Linac Coherent Light Source X-ray laser. “The way they communicate is through these receptors, which sit in the cell membrane and transmit signals in and out of cells.”
Most prescription drugs are designed to target these receptors. An accurate, detailed model of drug molecule-to-receptor interactions is key for researchers to fully understand the impact of a drug on the body.
To make the 3-D model of the interaction, the scientists first create a crystal of the drug molecule as it binds to the receptor. When the laser’s X-rays are beamed at the crystal, they form patterns that scientists then use to reconstruct and map the structure. The 3-D model enables scientists to conduct computer-modeled tests that then help them identify what the best drug configurations may be for specific health conditions or diseases.
“Trying to design new drugs without understanding the structure of the receptors they bind to is like trying to build a car from the ground up, without a manual,” said lead author Martin Audet, postdoctoral scholar at USC Dornsife. “This could enable us to get even more data about its molecular mechanics — how it moves and interacts with drug molecules — which will help us fine-tune other potential drug compounds and predict how they will impact the body.”
In addition to the human EP3 receptor structure determined by the USC and Stanford researchers, the same issue of Nature Chemical Biology highlighted the structures of the EP4 receptor by friends and colleagues So Iwata and Takuya Kobayashi in Japan, and the related TP receptor structure by friends and colleagues Wu Beili and Qiang Zhao in Shanghai, China.
The study’s co-authors included several researchers from the Bridge Institute and USC Dornsife: Kate White, Barbara Zarzycka, Gye Won Han, Jeffrey Velasquez, David Manahan and Petr Popov, as well as Vsevolod Katritch, assistant professor of biological sciences, and Vadim Cherezov, professor of chemistry, physics and astronomy. Other co-authors were from Arizona State University, Domain Therapeutics, the GCPR Consortium and iHuman Institute.
The work was funded by USC Dornsife, National Institutes of Health grants R01 GM108635 (V.C.), R21 DA042298 (W.L.), R01 GM124152 (W.L.), the STC Program of the National Science Foundation through BioXFEL (No. 1231306) (U.W. and W.L.), the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 16-14-10273) and the GPCR Consortium. M.A. was supported by a Canadian Institute of Health and Research (CIHR) Postdoctoral Fellowship Award. C.G. acknowledges the Panofsky Fellowship from SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and Stanford University for financial support. P.P. acknowledges the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR No.18-34-00990). Parts of this research were carried out at the LCLS, a National User Facility operated by Stanford University on behalf of the U.S. Department of Energy and is supported by the department’s Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under contract no. DE-AC0276SF00515 and at the GM/CA CAT of the Argonne Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory.
— Emily Gersema